sacred clowns [see Mythology]
    clown religions
    innocence & wisdom
        child-like
    the trickster [see Trickster]
        coyote
        raven
        rabbit
    heyoka
        contrary
    Pueblo clown societies
        mudhead, hano [black & white stripes]
    they ask why, when asking why is dangerous
    they say the things that can not or should not be said
    they do what should not be done
    they go where others dare not
    they are different because they know something about themselves
zanni [see Humor]
    Commedia Dell' Arte
American circus
    Uncle Sam
        Dan Rice
        song, dance, banter & burlesque [to imitate mockingly or humorously]
    clown gags end with one of seven kinds of bow-offs:
        fire, water, smoke, explosions, slaps, falls, or surprise
    slapstick
blackface
    medieval
    medicine shows
    Al Jolson
clown makeup
    makeup doesn't mask, but rather reveals
        super signaling
    types of clown makeup
        neat whiteface
            Pierrot, Harlequin
            Commedia Dell' Arte
            order & authority
        comedy/grotesque whiteface
            relatively modern
        auguste
            Lou Jacobs
            Berlin Germany
                look at that "dummer auguste"
            silly
                disorder & rebellion
        character
            tramp/hobo
                Emmett Kelly
                Otto Griebling    
                Charlie Chaplin
                Red Skeleton
 
The American Circus - John Culhane
The Power of Myth - Joseph Campbell, with Bill Moyers  
The Sacred: Ways of Knowledge/sources of Life
    Peggy V. Beck / A. L. Walters - Navajo Community College
Strutter's Complete Guide To Clown Makeup - Jim Roberts
Trickster Makes This World - Lewis Hyde